The 30th UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) began on November 10, 2025, in Belém, Brazil. This year, the summit is focused on turning past commitments into real action rather than making new pledges. The host country is emphasising implementation, accountability, and tangible progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The location in the Amazon highlights the urgency of climate action, as forests in the region face increasing threats. Brazil also aims to rebuild trust among nations, particularly between developed and developing countries, where gaps in finance and technology access have been long-standing concerns.
Key issues on the agenda include climate finance, technology transfer, and adaptation measures. Developing countries are calling for more funds and access to clean technology from wealthier nations. At the same time, vulnerable communities and ecosystems need support to adapt and build resilience against climate impacts. Institutional reforms are also being discussed to strengthen global governance and ensure past promises are tracked and implemented effectively.
Despite decades of climate negotiations, global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and many initiatives from previous COPs have stalled. Participation and leadership from major developed countries remain crucial for rebuilding trust and ensuring progress. For India, COP30 is particularly important as it plans to update its climate commitments for 2035 while securing fair access to finance and technology.
The summit will be closely watched for tangible action plans, new funding commitments, and institutional reforms that can turn promises into measurable outcomes, marking COP30 as the “COP of Action.”
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